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Medicine (Baltimore). 2024 Feb 23; 103(8): e37086.
Published online 2024 Feb 23. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000037086
PMCID: PMC11309659
PMID: 38394522
Moath Salem, UG,a Areej Kahwaji, PharmD,
b,* Tarek A. Owais, PharmD,c Mohammad Attia, UG,d Abdulrhman Abdulhadi, UG,d Omar Tassabehji, UG,d Alaa Hawarah, UG,d Yousef Latifeh, PhD,e and Tamim Alsuliman, MD, MScf
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Abstract
Timely transfusion of blood products is crucial, particularly in critical medical situations. Inadequate blood donation rates pose a significant threat to public health, potentially compromising patient care. This study aims to investigate the attitudes and willingness of Syrian college students to engage in blood donation, assess the prevalence of voluntary blood donation, evaluate their understanding of the determinants and procedures involved in the donation process, and identify the key factors influencing their behavior. A cross-sectional study was conducted employing a self-administered questionnaire, distributed in both electronic and hard copy formats among college students. Data analysis was performed using the R Statistical Software. Results were presented in terms of odds ratios (OR), with statistical significance defined at a P value of .05 and a 95% confidence interval. A total of 673 medical students participated in this study, with an average age of 21.6 years. The majority (59.2%) reported a good economic status, and a high level of knowledge (99.7%). A substantial proportion (40.4%) agreed with the notion that blood donation constitutes a personal duty for every eligible individual. Multiple comparison tests revealed a statistically significant P value of .0009716, specifically concerning individuals with low economic status. Our study demonstrates a positive attitude among college students towards voluntary blood product donation. However, the majority have not engaged in voluntary activities unless mandated for specific certification purposes. Donation rates were relatively higher than the reported rates in other similar studies conducted in Middle Eastern countries.
Keywords: attitude, awareness, blood donation, blood products, Syria, volunteer
1. Introduction
Blood transfusions play a vital role in saving lives and enhancing quality of life. The need for immediate blood products transfusions arises in various clinical scenarios, primarily anemia, thrombopenia, coagulation disorders, and acute blood loss, which can occur due to surgical procedures, traumatic incidents, cancer, car accidents, and other severe conditions. This highlights the importance of promptly supplying patients in need with safe and adequate blood products. Globally, there is an increasing demand for blood and blood products.[1] A low blood donation rate can lead to shortages of blood and blood products, which can have serious consequences for patients in need and it can result in delayed or cancelled medical procedures, and compromise patient care.[2]
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends screening donated blood for infections in accordance with quality system requirements. Screening for HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and syphilis is obligatory to maintain the safety of the blood supply. Unfortunately, only 25% of the transfusion committees are present in low-income countries, while the reporting systems for adverse transfusion events in healthcare facilities within these nations are at a mere 18%, compared to 48% and 74%, respectively, in high-income countries. Furthermore, there is a substantial disparity in blood donation rates between low-income (5.0 donations per 1000 people) and high-income countries (31.5 donations per 1000 people).[3] These disparities reflect the major difference in the indications of the blood or blood components. the main use in low- or middle-income countries (LMIC) was in emergency situations such as children with acute anemia, severe hemorrhage during parturition, and other major accidents that demand a whole blood transfusion, which is considered cheap blood and easy to prepare. In contrast, in developed countries, an approach known as patient blood management prioritizes the transfusion of blood components, such as plasma or platelets. This approach is geared towards improving the clinical condition of patients who may require regular blood transfusions.[4]
Nonetheless, data reported to the WHO indicates an increase in voluntary unpaid blood donations in LMIC, signifying positive progress in addressing this critical issue.[2] A review article published in 2019 showed a significant difference in blood donation motivation across 5 geographical regions with similar economic profiles. The predictive factor for blood donation was identified as behavioral intention. The study recommends implementing tailored innovative strategies to improve blood donation in the LMICs based on the culture and values each nation holds, For instance, educating women about the importance of blood donation from an early age could play a positive role in overcoming community-related barriers that might otherwise deter them from donating.[5] A study conducted among female medical students in Saudi Arabia showed that over half of the participants were motivated to donate blood based on religious or moral grounds.[6] In addition, a Nigerian study found a significant improvement (90.4%) in the knowledge level among medical students following a workshop intervention by experts aimed at raising awareness about blood donation. This intervention also led to an improvement in willingness to donate.[7]
In Syria, a blood donation certificate is mandatory, at least for a large proportion of the population, to obtain several documents, including admission to public universities, a driver license, etc. Blood donation campaigns are barely implemented in certain workplaces or universities or to encourage individuals with rare blood types in special emergency cases. A cross-sectional study conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown period, involving 1423 participants, revealed that only 46% donated their blood before. A lack of necessary reasons to donate blood components was the main reason for not donating. Issuing official documents was the main reason for blood donation among individuals who donated blood (64.8%).[8]
Recruitment of blood donors is a sensitive task that should be regulated by authorized institutions and supervised by blood transfusion experts. To the best of our knowledge, no previous research has investigated voluntary blood donation among Syrian college students. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of voluntary blood donation among Syrian college students, assess their attitudes and willingness to donate, and identify the key factors influencing their behavior.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Study design and data collection
A cross-sectional study was carried out from August 7th to August 17th, 2022 using an online questionnaire as Google Form posted on multiple social media platforms. Additionally, hard copies of the questionnaire were distributed at both Damascus University and Al-Sham Private University in Damascus, Syria. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the awareness levels of undergraduate medical students concerning blood donation and to identify factors influencing their attitudes towards this procedure. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical and Research in Damascus on June 9th, 2022. The inclusion criteria involved being a current medical college student affiliated with one of the universities in Syria.
A total of 673 students consented to enroll in the study after being explained the nature and purpose of the study. Each participant was provided with a self-administered structured questionnaire that had undergone prevalidation. The questionnaire was developed by the authors, employing a range of criteria established in prior research, which adhered to methodological guidelines relevant to social and cultural investigations regarding blood donation. Distribution of the questionnaire was performed both in a physical format and electronically via email and various social media platforms. A full description of the questions is available in the Supplemental Digital Content, http://links.lww.com/MD/L352.
2.2. Data analysis
The data analysis was performed using R Statistical Software (v4.1.3; R Core Team 2022). The Sociodemographic data were represented as frequency and percentage for categorical variables, while mean and standard deviation were used to represent the continuous variables.
The variable selection process for the multivariate regression models depended on the P value of the chi-square test with a significance threshold set at 0.05.
Results were reported in terms of odds ratios (OR), with statistical significance set at a P value of .05 and a 95% confidence interval. Logistic regression for univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to calculate the adjusted and the unadjusted OR. Notably, no regression model could be run for knowledge level with a 99.7%/.03% ratio between the 2 levels of the dependent variable. Regarding the attitude section, logistic regression analysis revealed no statistically significant association between attitude levels and any of the demographic variables, except for economic status, which exhibited significance at both adjusted and unadjusted levels of the OR. We couldn’t calculate the practice level as many of the practice-related questions lacked a specific model answer, making it impossible to encode and score them based on correctness.
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ demographics and practice level
A total of 673 medical students actively participated in this study, of which 375 were females. 33.2% of the participants were 20 years old or younger, with a breakdown of 39.9% female and 25.7% male. Meanwhile, 66.8% were older than 20 years, with 60.1% female and 74.3% male. The economic status of the participants was categorized into 4 distinct groups. Approximately 12.7% reported having excellent economic status (sufficient for meeting basic living expenses in addition to indulgence in extra luxuries), and the majority 61.7%, indicated a good economic status (covering basic needs of living in addition to specific additional costs). About 21.7% lived at an accepted economic level (sufficient for basic needs of living only), and 3.9% expressed a bad economic status (insufficient for basic needs of living). The majority of the participants had well-educated parents, primarily having a university-level education 65.8% for fathers and 56.2% for mothers. Full characteristics regarding blood donation are available in Table Table1.1. With respect to blood donation practices, only 43.4% of the participants had previously donated blood, and a modest 14.0% had engaged in blood donation activities before. Table Table22 demonstrates the practice level of the participants and their engagement in blood donation activities.
Table 1
Representation of sociodemographic characteristics in the study population (N = 673)*.
| Continuous variables | |
|---|---|
| Variable | Mean (±SD) |
| Age | 21.6 (3.0) |
| Weight | 67.2 (18.3) |
| Height | 168.6 (13.2) |
| BMI | 23.1 (4.7) |
| Categorical variables | |
| Variable | N (%) |
| Gender | |
| Females | 357 (53) |
| Males | 316 (47) |
| Age group | |
| ≤20 | 223 (33.2) |
| >20 | 448 (66.8) |
| Smoking status | |
| Yes | 237 (35.2) |
| No | 436 (64.8) |
| Religion | |
| Muslim | 634 (95.1) |
| Christian | 25 (3.7) |
| Druze | 6 (0.9) |
| Nonreligious | 2 (0.3) |
| Social status | |
| Single | 638 (95.9) |
| Engaged | 5 (0.8) |
| Married | 22 (3.3) |
| Economic status | |
| Excellent | 84 (12.7) |
| Good | 410 (61.7) |
| Accepted | 144 (21.7) |
| Bad | 26 (3.9) |
| Father educational level | |
| Illiterate | 19 (2.8) |
| Primary school | 67 (10.0) |
| High school | 144 (21.4) |
| University | 443 (65.8) |
| Mother educational level | |
| Illiterate | 22 (3.3) |
| Primary school | 84 (12.5) |
| High school | 189 (28.1) |
| University | 378 (56.2) |
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SD = standard deviation.
*The participant count varies across different variables due to missing data from specific participants.
Table 2
Distribution of responses of participants regarding blood donation practice.
| Variables | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Have you previously taken part in blood donation promotion activity/campaign? | |
| Yes | 94 (14.0) |
| No | 579 (86.0) |
| Did you practice blood donation before? | |
| Yes | 292 (43.4) |
| No | 381 (56.6) |
| If the previous answer was yes, how many times? | |
| Once | 180 (26.7) |
| 2–5 times | 98 (14.6) |
| 6–10 times | 11 (1.6) |
| >10 | 6 (0.9) |
| NA | 378 (56.2) |
| When was the last time you practiced blood donation? | |
| 1 mo | 13 (1.9) |
| 2–6 mos | 60 (8.9) |
| 6–7 mos | 57 (8.5) |
| >12 mos | 165 (24.5) |
| NA | 378 (56.2) |
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NA = not applicable.
3.2. Knowledge and attitude regarding donation
The majority of participants exhibited a high level of knowledge of 99.7%. Among these, a significant proportion were well-informed about the donation volume (72.1%), the legally permissible age for blood donation (85.0%), and the post-donation blood processing procedures (69.5%). However, 83.7% expressed concerns that donated blood could have adverse effects on the recipient, and opinions were nearly equally divided on the 20-minute duration of the blood donation process, with 50.1% disagreeing and 49.9% agreeing.
3.3. Attitudes towards blood donation
Regarding the belief that blood products donation constitutes a personal duty for every eligible individual, a substantial portion of the participants (40.4%, n = 272) agreed, while 26.6% (n = 179) remained neutral, 23.2% (n = 156) strongly agreed, 8.9% (n = 60) disagreed, and a mere 0.9% (n = 6) strongly disagreed. Nonetheless, participant perspectives displayed a nearly even split in their views on whether providing monetary incentives would enhance the likelihood of individuals engaging in blood donation activities. Specifically, 13.8% (n = 93) strongly agreed, while 28.8% (n = 194) expressed agreement. A notable 21.0% (n = 141) adopted a neutral perspective, whereas 21.8% (n = 147) disagreed, and 14.6 (n = 98) strongly disagreed. For a more comprehensive analysis of participants’ attitudes, please refer to Table Table33.
Table 3
Distribution of responses of participants regarding attitude towards blood donation.
| Opinion | Strongly agree N (%) | Agree N (%) | Neutral N (%) | Disagree N (%) | Strongly disagree N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood donation is a duty for every individual | 156 (23.2) | 272 (40.4) | 179 (26.6) | 60 (8.9) | 6 (0.9) |
| Blood donation can save lives | 475 (70.6) | 171 (25.4) | 23 (3.4) | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) |
| Donating blood has some health benefits | 407 (60.5) | 233 (34.6) | 25 (3.7) | 5 (0.7) | 3 (0.4) |
| Blood donation could harm the donor health | 28 (4.2) | 39 (5.8) | 168 (25.0) | 349 (51.9) | 89 (13.2) |
| Blood donation could harm the donor immunity | 17 (2.5) | 29 (4.3) | 119 (17.7) | 402 (59.7) | 106 (15.8) |
| Blood donation is necessity | 169 (25.1) | 307 (45.6) | 163 (24.2) | 31 (4.6) | 3 (0.4) |
| Any health adult can donate blood | 324 (48.1) | 284 (42.2) | 37 (5.5) | 25 (3.7) | 3 (0.4) |
| Donating blood should be limited to males only | 23 (3.4) | 46 (6.8) | 78 (11.6) | 352 (52.3) | 174 (25.9) |
| Donating blood should be limited to family members, relatives, and friends only | 30 (4.5) | 33 (4.9) | 80 (11.9) | 363 (53.9) | 167 (24.8) |
| Voluntary blood donation is better than the paid one | 317 (47.1) | 221 (32.8) | 102 (15.2) | 26 (3.9) | 7 (1.0) |
| Will you encourage others to donate blood | 167 (24.8) | 273 (40.6) | 207 (30.8) | 21 (3.1) | 5 (0.7) |
| Donating blood encourages others to donate also | 159 (23.6) | 305 (45.3) | 189 (28.1) | 15 (2.2) | 5 (0.7) |
| You are religiously and ethically encouraged to donate blood | 223 (33.1) | 334 (49.6) | 88 (13.1) | 21 (3.1) | 7 (1.0) |
| Giving money for blood will increase the blood donation activities | 93 (13.8) | 194 (28.8) | 141 (21.0) | 147 (21.8) | 98 (14.6) |
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3.4. Correlations between donation attitudes and other demographics
The results of the multiple comparison tests revealed a statistically significant P value of 0.0009716 exclusively in relation to bad economic status. However, no significant correlations were observed between attitudes and other independent variables, including gender (P = .4721), age (P = .7744), smoking status (P = .5306), or parents’ educational level (fathers: P = .4778, mothers: P = .2696). Detailed data on comparison levels of economic status for adjusted and unadjusted P values can be found in Table Table44.
Table 4
Dunns test comparison levels for adjusted and unadjusted P value.
| Dunns test/P value = .0009716 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Comparison | P. unadjusted | P. adjusted |
| Accepted - Bad | 0.000663078 | 0.003978469 |
| Accepted - Excellent | 0.88934407 | 0.88934407 |
| Bad - Excellent | 0.000908147 | 0.004540734 |
| Accepted - Good | 0.021146483 | 0.063439448 |
| Bad - Good | 0.013035544 | 0.052142177 |
| Excellent - Good | 0.04295914 | 0.08591828 |
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4. Discussion
The availability of safe blood-derived products for transfusion is crucial for saving lives and improving patients’ health. However, many patients in need of blood-derived products transfusions require timely access to safe blood. This issue underscores the importance of making safe and adequate blood provision an integral component of healthcare policy, particularly in areas affected by conflicts, such as Syria. The Syrian conflict has highlighted the challenges of providing healthcare services, including a lack of medical personnel and drugs, which further emphasizes the need for a safe and adequate blood supply.[8,9]
The WHO has reported a significant disparity in the number of blood donations collected across different income groups. According to their data, the median annual donations per blood center in low-income countries are only 1300, whereas high-income countries have a median annual donation of 25,700. This discrepancy indicates the urgent need for low-income countries to develop effective strategies to encourage donation in order to increase the availability of safe blood for their populations.[3] In Syria, blood donation is a compulsory requirement in certain contexts for acquiring specific official documents. It is noteworthy that despite this mandatory aspect, the provision of blood components for transfusion, including platelets, immune globulin, and frozen plasma, is not covered by the healthcare authorities and necessitates direct payment by the receiving patients.
Our study findings showed that 43% of participants reported previous blood donations, meaning that the majority of them had donated only once. Moreover, a small proportion of participants (14%) had engaged in blood donation activities. Donation rates were relatively higher than the reported rates in other similar studies conducted in Saudi Arabia, North India, and Bangladesh.[10–12] The observed low blood donation rates could potentially exacerbate the challenges faced by countries lacking a solid national blood donation policy or legislative framework for promoting blood collection.[3] Several factors might have contributed to these low donation rates, including insufficient promotional campaigns, unclear information about donation health outcomes, and limited knowledge of where to donate blood.
In our research, a significant number of medical students displayed a positive attitude towards blood donation and were well-informed about its benefits for a better social and healthier life. This finding is consistent with similar studies conducted in peer countries such as Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, and Azad Kashmir where participants viewed blood donation as a social responsibility and a cultural duty.[10,12,13] This highlights the importance of self-motivation as an incentive for promoting blood donation, which can be leveraged by health policymakers.
The participants demonstrated a high level of knowledge regarding appropriate procedures for blood donation, including age suitability, storage conditions, and safe transforming practices, among other factors. This knowledge closely resembled that of Qatari students as indicated by A. Ibrahim et al.[14] This highlights the importance of nurturing mindful students who can play a vital role in promoting the importance of blood donation from an early age.
Furthermore, our research revealed that males had a higher rate of previous blood donation experiences compared to females, with 69% of male participants having donated blood before. Our findings are in accordance with another study conducted by Kakaj et al where males were more inclined to donate, as a local administrative requirement of specific documents, whereas females tended to donate with a greater emphasis on aiding people in need.[8] This can be explained by some local policies and restrictions that may apply differently through genders.
Despite the absence of a notable correlation between various demographic factors and attitudes toward blood donations, a significant correlation was observed between economic status and the willingness to donate (P = .00097). In particular, individuals within the lower economic range exhibited the highest willingness to donate. This finding sheds light on the influence of financial abundance on college students’ perspectives regarding blood donation.
In terms of promoting blood donation among Syrian medical college students, our study found that more participation in donation activities is crucially needed, with 86% of respondents reporting never having participated in such activities. Nevertheless, the majority of participants expressed their belief in the importance of blood products donation, considering it a personal responsibility (40%) and a contagious act that inspires others (45%). This finding aligns with a previous study conducted in Saudi Arabia.[15] Given this high level of self-motivation, it is crucial to effectively capitalize on it, particularly for regular donation efforts targeting donors with rare blood types who may have concerns about inattentive behaviors by healthcare facilities and healthcare providers.
Additionally, the research found that only a proportion of 28% agreed with the idea of receiving payment as an incentive for blood donation. This reluctance towards financial incentives paralleled the attitude observed among Saudi students.[15] However, another study identified nutritional and medical factors as the primary obstacles to voluntary donation,[16] highlighting their significance as key barriers in this context.
4.1. Limitations
Several limitations within our study need careful consideration. Firstly, a number of knowledge-related questions in our questionnaire were designed in a nonsystematic manner, potentially introducing bias toward specific responses. Consequently, we were unable to run statistical models to identify correlations between knowledge levels, which exhibited a 99.7% to 0.3% ratio, and willingness to participate in blood donation. Some of the study participants were affiliated with Al-Sham Private University, an institution utilizing a paid course structure. This affiliation could potentially impact the generalizability of our findings with respect to the economic status of all students, considering economic status emerged as the only variable demonstrating a correlation with blood donation willingness. Furthermore, to address future plans and formulate precise policies aimed at encouraging voluntary blood donation within the younger age category of the community, more comprehensive studies should be conducted in settings akin to Syria.
5. Conclusions
Well-organized efforts are needed in order to educate the Syrian population about the importance of blood donation. In parallel, accessibility to blood donation may need to be facilitated. Clear and transparent policies must be put in applications, potentially associated with a motivational system that can help promote blood donation. Intra- or extra-curricular blood donation-related activities may also help better understanding, and thus, more implication from the side of health sciences university students and staff as a national promoter of such humanitarian acts. It is also advised to conduct blood donation campaigns within universities to provide easy access for students.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: Moath Salem, Mohammad Attia, Abdulrhman Abdulhadi, Alaa Hawarah, Yousef Latifeh.
Data curation: Moath Salem, Mohammad Attia, Abdulrhman Abdulhadi, Omar Tassabehji, Alaa Hawarah.
Formal analysis: Tarek Abouabah Owais.
Methodology: Moath Salem, Areej Kahwaji, Tarek Abouabah Owais, Yousef Latifeh, Tamim Alsuliman.
Project administration: Yousef Latifeh.
Supervision: Tamim Alsuliman.
Resources: Areej Kahwaji.
Writing – original draft: Areej Kahwaji, Omar Tassabehji.
Writing – review & editing: Areej Kahwaji, Yousef Latifeh, Tamim Alsuliman.
Supplementary Material
Click here to view.(12K, docx)
Abbreviations:
- LMIC
- low- or middle-income countries
- OR
- odds ratios
- WHO
- World Health Organization
MS and AK contributed equally to this work.
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Supplemental Digital Content is available for this article.
The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose.
Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical and Research in Damascus on June 9th, 2022. Informed consent was collected from all participants prior to data collection stage. This project was developed and applied in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.
How to cite this article: Salem M, Kahwaji A, Owais TA, Attia M, Abdulhadi A, Tassabehji O, Hawarah A, Latifeh Y, Alsuliman T. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of blood donation among undergraduate medical students in Syria. Medicine 2024;103:8(e37086).
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